Bluetongue Disease: An Overview
Definition and Etiology
Bluetongue (BT) disease is an infectious non-contagious vector-borne viral disease that affects wild and domestic ruminants, primarily sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, and deer. It is caused by the pathogenic virus Bluetongue virus (BTV), belonging to the genus Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family.
Transmission
Bluetongue is primarily transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, which acquire the virus from infected animals and then transmit it to healthy animals during blood feeding. The disease can also be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or embryonic fluids.
Symptoms
Clinical signs of Bluetongue vary depending on the virus serotype, host species, and the host's immune status. Common symptoms include fever, swelling of the head and tongue, salivation, lameness, erosions in the mouth and muzzle, and weight loss. Severe infections can lead to respiratory distress, hemorrhage, and death.
Diagnosis and Prevention
Diagnosis of Bluetongue is usually made based on clinical signs and laboratory testing. Prevention focuses on vector control, vaccination, and movement restrictions. Regular surveillance programs are essential to detect outbreaks and implement effective control measures.
Impact and Control
Bluetongue has a significant economic impact, particularly on the livestock industry. It can cause reduced productivity, infertility, and mortality in affected animals. Control measures aim to reduce transmission through vector control, vaccination, and quarantine measures.
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